As the Gulf crisis continues, the EU Energy Commissioner, Dan Jorgensen, has warned “It’s very likely that many people’s holidays will be affected, either because of flight cancellations or very, very expensive tickets.”
His remarks amplify fears that aviation fuel is becoming scarce, though the UK government says British airlines are not seeing a shortage of jet fuel. A spokespersoon said: “We are continuing to work with fuel suppliers, airlines and international counterparts to keep flights operating, as well as planning for a range of contingencies.”
But if your flight is cancelled or heavily delayed, these are the passenger’s rights rules you need to know.
Flights from the UK and EU airports (as well as those in the wider EEA) are subject to European rules.
They were devised to require airlines to do the right thing for their passengers. They specify the care and compensation you can expect when your plane is cancelled or heavily delayed.
These rules also apply for flights on EU and British airlines departing from outside the European Union and the UK.
A cancellation, or even a delay of hours rather than minutes, could trigger the obligation for an airline to provide a hotel room and meals as appropriate. If the airline is to blame, it will also owe hundreds of pounds in cash.
Conversely, when flying on a non-EU/UK carrier from outside Europe, you may just have to put a dismal aviation episode down to an expensive experience, and see if your travel insurer can help.
These are the key questions and answers.
In the UK and Europe, what can I expect if my flight is delayed?
For delays of under two hours, you have no rights (unless a short delay in the UK triggers a missed connection and much later arrival at your final ticketed destination – see below).
For longer delays, the airline should provide refreshments as appropriate after a specified length of time. This applies regardless of the cause of the delay.
The time at which the duty of care kicks in depends on the distance you are flying:
- Short flights (up to 1,500km): refreshments after two hours
- Mid-haul journeys (1,500 to 3,500km): three hours
- Longer trips: four hours
Note that if the airline believes providing the care would further delay the flight, it need not deliver.
If the delay extends overnight, the airline is obliged to find and pay for a hotel room. In practice, carriers often say, “too difficult”, and invite the passenger to book their own and reclaim later.
While this attitude does not comply fully with the rules, aviation authorities tend to turn a blind eye to it.
The duty of care applies regardless of the cause of a delay or cancellation.
What happens if my flight is cancelled?
Under air passengers’ rights rules, travellers whose flights are departing from the UK or the EU – or on British or European airlines from anywhere in the world – have strong rights. They are entitled to be flown to their destination as close to the original schedule as possible, on any airline with seats available, and to be provided with meals and hotels if there is a significant delay.
If you are informed about a cancellation less than two weeks ahead, and the airline cannot find an alternative close to the original timing, the presumption is that you should be given between £220 and £520 in cash compensation. But carriers may argue that the aviation fuel situation constitutes “extraordinary circumstances” because the root cause is political instability, and refuse a payout.
How do I qualify for a cash payout?
If you are flying from a UK/EU airport or on a British/ European airline and have your flight cancelled – or are delayed in arrival by at least three hours – the presumption is that you are owed hundreds of pounds in compensation.
The payment depends on distance:
- Under 1,500km, for example London to Barcelona: £220 or €250
- 1,500-3,500km, such as Manchester-Lisbon: £350 or €400
- Above 3,500km, eg Birmingham-Dubai: £520 or €600. If a long-haul arrival delay is between three and four hours, the compensation is halved
The only way the airline can avoid paying out is by demonstrating “extraordinary circumstances” were responsible.
Define ‘extraordinary circumstances’?
The rules provide only a partial answer: “political instability, meteorological conditions incompatible with the operation of the flight concerned, security risks, unexpected flight safety shortcomings and strikes”.
Court cases have gradually refined the concept of “extraordinary circumstances” to exclude technical problems. In other words: if a mechanical failure caused the delay, you are due compensation. A judge ruled such issues are “inherent in the normal exercise of the activity of the air carrier”.
Official strikes by the airline’s own staff are regarded as within the carrier’s control, but oddly “wildcat” walkouts not sanctioned by a trade union are not.
Crew sickness is a grey area, with no legal certainty.
Ryanair says: “Only a small number of claims will be eligible for compensation. Most delays/cancellations are out of Ryanair’s control.”
How do I claim?
Each airline should enable you to fill out an online form, but these are sometimes difficult to track down. The pages for leading airlines are here:
- British Airways (click on “raise a new case”)
- EasyJet
- Ryanair (click on “Cancelled, Delayed and Rescheduled Flights” and spin down to “Passenger Rights”)
- Wizz Air
Compensation must be paid by bank transfer (or cheque), except if the airline obtains the prior signed agreement of the passenger to pay with vouchers for future travel.
For example, an airline might offer a 30 per cent uplift if you accept vouchers that are valid for a year – so a choice between £350 in cash or £455-worth of flights. If you know you will be using the same airline within a year, that might be a good decision. But most airlines do not offer such benefits, so insist on cash rather than a voucher.
The delay is so long it’s no longer worth going. Can I cancel and get my money back?
If your flight is delayed by at least five hours and you decide not to travel, you should get money back within a week.
My flight from an airport outside the UK or EU is cancelled. What am I entitled to?
If you are booked on a UK or EU airline, you have full rights as above. On any other airline, you have none – though in practice a reputable airline will provide meals and accommodation as appropriate.
Some travel insurance policies will help meet expenses that cannot be claimed back elsewhere, and may pay a modest amount of flight delay compensation.
What if I have a justifiable claim but it is turned down?
One course of action is alternative dispute resolution, but The Independent has serious reservations about some of the decisions of these arbiters.
Writing a Letter Before Action – warning that you will go to Money Claim Online if you do not get a positive response within two weeks – is worth trying, so long as you follow through. For a £350 claim the fee is £50, which is refunded if you win.
Since Brexit UK citizens no longer have access to the European Small Claims Procedure, so if you are chasing compensation on a flight originating in the EU it might be easiest to go through a claims handler. One such firm is AirHelp, but be warned that the company will keep between 35 and 50 per cent of any payout (the higher amount if court action is involved).
My flight was an hour late departing, but I missed a tight connection
If you arrive at your final ticketed destination three hours or more late, you are still in line for compensation – as long as the cause was down to the airline.
For example, in 2018, I flew on British Airways from Heathrow to Moscow for an onward connection to Volgograd on the Russian airline S7. The plane was an hour late leaving London because of overrunning engineering work. I missed the connection in Moscow and arrived five hours behind schedule at Volgograd.
BA paid delay compensation without a fuss; the issue of meals was easily solved because S7 sent me to the business lounge to wait.
Network carriers have a strong incentive for punctuality, with connections sometimes less than an hour and the penalty for messing up so high.
In the Eurocontrol delay figures for key European airports on Wednesday 22 April 2026, London Heathrow (hub for British Airways), Istanbul (Turkish Airlines), Vienna (Austrian Airlines) and Copenhagen (SAS) do well, with around 90 per cent of flights on time.
Munich and Frankfurt (both Lufthansa) and Amsterdam (KLM) are less impressive, at around 83 per cent. Paris CDG (Air France) is on 72 per cent, with Zurich (Swiss) getting barely half of flights away on time.
Is travel insurance relevant?
Generally not, except if you are caught in the “non-UK/EU airline flying from outside Europe” category, as mentioned above.
Insurers will rightly say that airlines are responsible for the key areas of care and alternative transport.
Some policies will pay out a token amount for long delays.
This piece is kept updated with the latest advice.
For more travel news and advice listen to Simon Calder’s podcast
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