How do Pakistan and Afghanistan’s militaries and nuclear arsenal stack up?

Cross-border fighting between Pakistan and Afghanistan ⁠intensified ⁠overnight, with both sides claiming ⁠heavy losses and the Pakistani defence minister saying his country was in an "open war" with its neighbour.

As tensions persist, here is a look at how Pakistan dwarfs ‌Afghanistan's military forces and arsenals, according ‌to data from the London-based International Institute for Strategic Studies.

Overview

Pakistan's armed forces benefit from ⁠good recruitment ⁠and retention, bolstered by equipment from its main defence partner China. Islamabad continues to invest in its military nuclear programmes and is also modernising its navy and air force.

The capability of the Afghan Taliban's armed forces, meanwhile, is declining, with a fall in their ability to use foreign equipment that the Islamist group seized when it returned to power ⁠in ⁠the landlocked country in 2021.

A ⁠lack of international recognition for the Taliban administration has also hurt military modernisation.

Personnel

Pakistan has 660,000 active personnel in its defence forces, ⁠of whom 560,000 are in the army, 70,000 are in the air force, and 30,000 are in the navy.

The strength of the Afghan Taliban's military is thinner, with only 172,000 active personnel. The group has, however, announced plans to expand its armed forces to 200,000 personnel.

Fighting ⁠vehicles and artillery

Pakistan has more than 6,000 armoured fighting vehicles, and over 4,600 pieces ⁠of artillery.

The Afghan forces also possess armoured fighting vehicles, including Soviet-era main battle tanks, armoured personnel carriers and autonomous underwater vehicles, but their exact number is unknown.

The precise number of artillery they possess, which is of at least three different types, is similarly not known.

Air Force

Pakistan has a fleet of 465 combat aircraft and more than 260 helicopters that include multi-role, attack and transport choppers.

Afghanistan has no fighter jets and no real air force to speak of. It is known ⁠to possess at least six aircraft - some of them dating back again to the Soviet era - and 23 helicopters, although it is not possible to assess how many are in flying condition.