Pneumonia is an inflammation of the lungs. It usually caused by an infection, which can be bacterial, viral or even fungal. According to the “Statistics on Causes of Death, Malaysia 2024”, pneumonia has overtaken ischaemic heart disease as the most common cause of death. Pneumonia accounts for 15.2% of deaths, much more than the 3.5% of transport accidents and 5.1% of lung, colon and breast cancers combined.
A recent encounter
In a recent clinic session, I encountered a 66-year-old gentleman for a routine diabetes check-up. His normally well-controlled blood sugar levels were unusually high. I found this curious. Sure enough, further questioning revealed he had been experiencing a cough, fatigue, and shortness of breath for three days. A physical examination revealed signs of pneumonia. His heart rate was elevated, but thankfully, his blood pressure and oxygen levels remained within normal limits. I immediately ordered tests, including a chest X-ray. The results confirmed pneumonia, showing an elevated white blood cell count and characteristic lung infiltrates. Given his age and medical history, I strongly recommended hospitalisation. He was initially hesitant, but after a thorough explanation of the diagnosis and its potential implications, he and his family agreed. After putting him on oxygen and drips, I contacted the hospital and arranged for his immediate transfer to the emergency department.
This case is just one example of the many I have encountered. Pneumonia becoming the number one cause of death in Malaysia highlights the importance of increased awareness and early recognition of the disease to ensure timely treatment.
Recognising pneumonia
Some of the symptoms of pneumonia include coughing up yellow or green phlegm, shortness of breath, fever, chest pain, body aches, tiredness, loss of appetite, wheezing and feeling confused (more common in the elderly).
When to seek help?
It is wise to consult a doctor if you develop the symptoms mentioned above. Of note, seek immediate medical attention if you develop any of the following:
- Prolonged cough
- Short of breath
- Coughing up blood
- Chest pain especially when breathing/ coughing
- Struggling to breathe, gasping, unable to speak
- Pale, blue or blotchy skin, lips or tongue
- Sudden confusion
Who are at high risk of pneumonia?
Those who are at increased risk of pneumonia include:
- Children below 2 years old
- Elderly above 65 years old
- People with chronic disease
- Smokers
- Heavy alcohol drinkers
- People with impaired immune system
- People receiving treatment/ drugs that weaken the immune system
Things you can do if you have pneumonia
These include:
- Get enough rest
- Drink plenty of fluids to ensure good hydration
- Use paracetamol to help with pain or fever
- Be sure to cover your mouth and nose when you cough or sneeze
- Dispose of used tissues as soon as possible
- Wash your hands regularly
- Avoid smoking
Reducing your risk of pneumonia
Some of the bacteria that cause pneumonia include Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae and Staphylococcus aureus. Viruses like the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), coronavirus (COVID-19) and Influenza can also infect the lungs. On the other hand, fungal pneumonia usually affects people with weakened immune system. Vaccines are available to prevent infections caused by some of the bacteria and viruses mentioned. These include Streptococcus pneumoniae, Influenza and RSV. Consult your healthcare provider to determine which vaccines are right for you.
Conclusion
By understanding the symptoms, seeking prompt medical attention, and taking preventive measures like vaccination, you can play a vital role in combating pneumonia and reducing its impact in Malaysia.
Disclaimer: This information is for general knowledge and does not constitute medical advice. Please consult your doctor for personalized guidance and address any concerns you may have.
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