WASHINGTON, Sept 28 - Prediction markets are fast becoming alternative venues for traders to wager on United States (US) companies like Tesla and Apple, raising concerns about investor protection and market oversight, said independent data and regulatory experts.
The booming industry pioneered by Polymarket and Kalshi rose to prominence by allowing punters to bet on almost anything, including sports events, elections, and military operations.
Independent research and a Reuters review shed more light on this fast-growing pocket of the industry, indicating that over the past year, they have expanded into more traditional Wall Street turf, offering tens of thousands of markets on stock moves, company data, and other corporate events that often drive shares.
While still tiny compared with the underlying stock market, equity-linked prediction markets are creating a new venue for speculating on US securities outside many of the investor protections and market surveillance rules that govern regulated exchanges.
Legal experts warn that if the products continue to grow quickly, they could eventually influence trading in the underlying shares and undermine regulators' ability to police the market.
"This is a new frontier for market structure. It is innovation on steroids," said Vanderbilt University Law School associate dean Yesha Yadav, adding that watchdogs should be "urgent and creative" in addressing these new products.
Polymarket and Kalshi say they closely monitor for misconduct and routinely refer cases to US authorities and collaborate with regulators.
"Market integrity is central to how we operate," a Polymarket spokesman said, noting that the company also makes strenuous efforts to block US users from its international platform.
The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) declined to comment, while the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) did not respond to a request for comment. The agencies have said they are reviewing regulation of equity-linked prediction markets.
NVIDIA, Alphabet among most popular stocks
According to an analysis that blockchain research firm Allium prepared for Reuters, Polymarket International launched markets on individual stocks in October last year, and traders have bet more than US$220 million (RM898.2 million) on around 31,000 equity-linked markets through early September.
It found that nearly 60 per cent of that was on markets tied to individual stock moves, with Nvidia, Google parent Alphabet, Apple, and Tesla being the most popular, while the rest was wagered on markets based on exchange-traded funds (ETFs) or stock indexes. Those public companies did not respond to requests for comment.
Traders typically bet "yes" or "no" on a stock or index hitting a specific level by a certain date. One wallet Allium identified generated US$175,000 (RM714,525) in volume through roughly 1,300 trades on Apple, structuring positions to generate a small profit regardless of whether the "yes" or "no" contract paid out.
According to a Reuters review of Kalshi's website and the data it provided, it does not currently offer individual stock wagers, but on a given day offers around 2,500 markets on indexes and corporate "Key Performance Indicators" (KPIs), such as iPhone launches and Tesla deliveries.
The company did not respond to a Reuters request for trading volume data.
Though targeted at retail customers, prediction markets are also courting institutional investors by marketing event contracts as alternative ways to hedge traditional economic and market risks.
Unlike stock markets, prediction markets allow investors to trade around the clock and express multiple views on a company and its performance. However, legal experts note that they do not offer the same protections and rights, and multiple studies show that the vast majority of traders lose money.
Georgetown University finance professor James Angel said that Polymarket International's offshore legal structure, which puts it largely beyond the reach of US watchdogs, also makes it tough for authorities to see what is happening in these markets.
"That is obviously the kind of thing that our regulators should be having nightmares about," he added.
Polymarket's newer CFTC-regulated US exchange does not offer markets on individual stocks but does offer a handful of KPI markets.
Regulatory oversight questions
The CFTC says it should oversee prediction markets because they are effectively dealing in derivatives contracts, but calls for the SEC to step in too are growing.
Under US law, contracts tied to a single stock are generally considered security-based swaps (SBS), a type of derivative overseen by the SEC and mostly restricted to professional investors.
Legal experts have noted that some KPI contracts could also potentially qualify as SBS, although a Kalshi spokesman disputed that. A Polymarket spokesman said the company is working with the agencies on how swap and SBS definitions apply to novel event contracts.
The regulators in June jointly sought public feedback on these issues and whether one of them should be the primary watchdog. Traditional financial firms and consumer groups want the SEC to take the lead because it has the expertise.
"You could envision insider trading taking place in these KPIs just as easily as you could in the stocks," said former SEC official Ben Schiffrin, who now directs securities policy at nonprofit Better Markets.
Policing that is "the SEC's job," he added.
Several lawmakers, including US Senator Adam Schiff, a California Democrat, have also raised concerns about prediction markets.
In a statement to Reuters, he said that Congress should not allow the industry to "sidestep America's securities laws by wrapping traditional financial products in the guise of prediction contracts."
