Hundreds of people were arrested and buildings set on fire across France on Saturday as protests over the cost of living crisis spread.
In Paris, police fired tear gas into crowds on Saturday, while there were also violent incidents reported in Marseille, Rennes, Toulouse and Angers.
The turmoil marks the latest test for Emmanuel Macron’s presidency as France contends with both foreign and domestic troubles.
The protests began in September, launched by students angry at the conditions at their high schools after the summer holidays.
However, they have since grown, fuelled by a wider group of protesters incensed about the cost of living.
Here’s everything you need to know about the movement.
Where the protests began
Demonstrations first erupted in September in a high school in Creteil, southeast of Paris, over a lack of staff.
From there, class strikes, blockades and demonstrations spread to other Paris suburbs and then nationwide, even in smaller towns. Hundreds of schools had to close because of damage or attacks on staff.
High schoolers said they had grievances over schools that are under-resourced, with dilapidated facilities and insufficient staff, notably in lower-income neighborhoods. French media showed videos of scampering rats, collapsed ceilings, leaks, broken furniture and other woes in dilapidated schools.
Some students also complained that during summer heat waves, they roast in classrooms without air-conditioning, while in winter they freeze. They say school days, which often run from 8am-6pm, are too exhausting and the university entrance system is complex and unfair. Some university students also joined the protests.
There have been broader concerns in France that the country's education system is losing ground to other countries and failing in its mission to enable children from disadvantaged backgrounds to move up the social ladder. Scores in reading comprehension and mathematics have plunged, according to the latest PISA report, which evaluates students worldwide.
Why protests exploded on Saturday
Demonstrations were boosted by other groups on Saturday, protesting the high cost of living and what they say is the deterioration of the social welfare system.
The General Confederation of Labour (CGT), which is one of the country’s largest unions, backed the protests, issuing a call for lower prices and higher pensions and wages.
Tens of thousands of people took to the streets. Protesters in Marseille stormed the town hall, painting an ‘A’ for anarchy on a wall, while in Paris, police fired tear gas and a water cannon and rioters threw stones and fireworks.
In Lyon, protesters set fire to the city’s tourism office.
French authorities said there were about 140 protests, involving more than 32,000 people, recorded outside Paris on Saturday morning alone, and 400 arrests over the course of the day. They blamed the violence on the “ultra-left”.
Mr Macron has called for calm, saying the right to protest came with the “need to respect”.
Police response to students has drawn ire
Riot police have liberally used tear gas and wielded their batons to disperse crowds during the student protests. Police made more than 6,600 arrests nationwide as of last week, an unusually high number for a French protest movement.
A police tear gas grenade shattered a 14-year-old’s jaw and many of his teeth. A 15-year-old lost a hand in an incident involving a police stun grenade. Other adolescents have also suffered life-changing injuries blamed on police weaponry during protests.
Police and school staff have been targeted with powerful fireworks and other injury-causing projectiles. The interior ministry says acid has been hurled in some cases, and that people intent on destruction and looting have grafted themselves onto the high schoolers’ movement.
Presidential candidates are seizing the moment
Candidates campaigning to succeed Mr Macron in a coming presidential election in April and May have seized on the demonstrations as a political issue. Mr Macron is constitutionally barred from seeking a third consecutive term.
Far-left candidate Jean-Luc Mélenchon has positioned himself firmly on the side of the students and has decried police actions. His party invited high school activists on stage at a rally Sunday, then proposed lowering the voting age to 16 and scrapping selective admissions at universities.
Meanwhile, far-right leader Marine Le Pen has called for broader police powers against rioters. Conservative former Prime Minister Edouard Philippe, one of Le Pen’s main challengers for the presidency, has condemned those who “break things, burn things or assault people.”
Other European countries have seen unrest
Taking grievances to the streets is hardly unusual in the country that spawned the French Revolution of 1789. To name just a few, there were mass student protests in 1968, weeks of suburban unrest in 2005, yellow vest protests in 2018-2019, and demonstrations in 2023 against raising the retirement age.
But some other countries have also seen some student unrest.
In neighboring Belgium, some schools closed in Liege, a day after violence in the city and arrests there.
Several Italian cities also saw student protests last week, though on a smaller scale than in France and focused on a broader set of domestic grievances.
