The opposition in Bangladesh has renewed its call for prime minister Sheikh Hasina's resignation as anti-quota protesters vowed to continue their agitation despite a court reducing job reservations for the families of war heroes.
Bangladesh looked set to remain on lockdown until Tuesday, with the army taking over the streets after the worst mass protests in a decade left more than 130 people dead.
Local reports suggest the death toll could be much higher but a communication blackout has prevented information from trickling out of the embattled nation.
Thousands of people have been injured and hospitals were filled up to capacity as protests demanding the removal of a quota system turned violent last week. Protesting students clashed with the security forces, who lobbed tear gas and rubber bullets at them.
The police have arrested dozens of student activists and members from opposition parties.
On Sunday the country’s Supreme Court ordered the controversial quota system for government jobs be scaled back. However, the court order was unlikely to quell the opposition-backed protest, which was fuelled by the rise in inequality and unemployment at a time when Bangladesh’s economy continues to suffer.
At least four protest coordinators told BBC that they planned to continue their action until they secured the release of some detained student leaders and the restoration of internet and other cellular services.
“The judgment of the Supreme Court seems unclear to us. There is no clear-cut solution for all types of quotas,” said Abdul Quader, one of the coordinators.
A curfew was extended into Sunday evening and the threat of shoot-on-sight orders, issued earlier in the weekend, remained in place. The government has declared Monday a public holiday to encourage people to stay home, with only emergency services allowed to operate.
A communication blackout has been in place since Thursday, including the suspension of mobile data and text message services, as Ms Hasina’s government faces one of the sternest tests of her 15 years in power.
Streets that have witnessed the most violent scenes of clashes between students and security forces were deserted as soldiers and tanks patrolled following the week-long unrest.
Foreign nations, including India – one of Bangladesh’s strongest allies – issued travel advisories for its residents as Dhaka looked like a war zone over the weekend. Germany warned its citizens against travelling to Bangladesh as “further restrictions and deterioration of the situation are to be expected”.
New Delhi said over 4,500 Indian students have returned home over the past few days. It also said 500 Nepalese students and 38 from Bhutan had arrived in the country.
Authorities in the UAE have ordered an investigation and an expedited trial of Bangladeshi nationals arrested for protesting against their home government across the Gulf country.
The UAE's attorney general's office indicted the Bangladeshis on several charges, including "gathering in a public place and protesting against their home government with the intent to incite unrest", obstructing law enforcement, causing harm to others and damaging property, according to the state-owned Emirates News Agency, WAM.
Why are students protesting?
Hundreds and thousands of students had taken to the streets demanding an end to a quota system that reserves up to 30 per cent of government jobs for relatives of veterans who fought in Bangladesh’s war of independence in 1971 against Pakistan.
The protests began late last month but tensions escalated last Monday when students at Dhaka University, the country’s largest, clashed with police and a counter-protest inflamed the situation.
The students alleged the protests were peaceful until the student wing of the ruling Awami League party attacked the protesters.
Police and security officials fired bullets and tear gas at protesters in Bangladesh on Friday as the authorities cut off internet and mobile services following deadly clashes in the capital Dhaka and other major cities.
The fresh clashes follow the bloodiest day of the protests to date, which led to the death of 22 people on 18 July, mostly undergraduate students, as protesters attempted to impose a “complete shutdown” in the country.
At least two journalists were among those killed during the violence. “I am shot at but will continue my work after dressing at hospital,” wrote journalist Muktadir Rashid on X.
What is the Supreme Court order?
On Sunday, the Supreme Court ordered that 93 per cent of government jobs would be allocated on merit and five per cent would be for veterans who served in the war. The remaining two per cent will be for members of ethnic minorities and transgender and disabled people.
The decision was a partial win for the students after representatives from both sides met late on Friday to discuss a resolution. Law minister Anisul Huq had said the government was open to discussing their demands.
Ms Hasina’s government had halted the job quotas following mass student protests in 2018, but last month a high court ruling nullified that decision and reinstated the quotas after relatives of the 1971 veterans filed petitions.
What has happened so far?
On Friday, hundreds of protesters stormed the central Dhaka district of Narsingdi and freed over 850 inmates before setting fire to the facility, TV channels reported.
Despite the curfew, scattered incidents of arson were also reported on Saturday.
A “shoot-on-sight” order was also in place along with the curfew, giving security forces the authority to fire on mobs in extreme cases, said lawmaker Obaidul Quader, the general secretary of the ruling Awami League party.
“The government has decided to impose a curfew and deploy the military in aid of the civilian authorities,” a government spokesperson said late on Friday.
Major government websites, including of the central bank and the prime minister’s office, appeared to have been targeted by hackers. A group which called itself “THE R3SISTANC3” was reported to be behind the hacking. “Operation HuntDown – Stop Killing Students,” it said in identical messages on both sites seen on Friday, adding in bright red font, “It’s not a protest any more. It’s a war now.”
Most television news channels in Bangladesh were off the air on Friday after thousands of protesters stormed the headquarters of the state broadcaster BTV, vandalised furniture, smashed windows, and set fire to parts of the building.
What is the quota system?
As well as reserving nearly a third of government jobs for family members of veterans of the 1971 war of independence, the quota system also reserves government jobs for women, disabled people and members of ethnic minorities.
However, students have mainly protested against jobs reserved for veterans’ families, which they claim benefits mostly supporters of Ms Hasina, whose Awami League party-led the independence movement.
The protesters have called on the government to abolish the quota for being “discriminatory” against the students, struggling amid high unemployment in a country where some 32 million young people are not in work or education. Even though job opportunities have grown in some parts of the private sector, many people prefer government jobs because they are seen as more stable and lucrative.
“We have to look out for ourselves and our future generations. We need jobs in this country, we are already suffering from the lack of it,” said Alam Rashid, a student from Dhaka. “We have invited the government to have a conversation with us multiple times, instead she [Sheikh Hasina] just unleashed her police force on us,” he told The Independent.
Ms Hasina is the daughter of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, the man who led Bangladesh to independence. She has defended the quota system, saying that veterans deserve the highest respect for their contributions in the war regardless of their political affiliation.
She previously labelled those opposing the quota system as “razakar”, or volunteers, a term used for those who allegedly collaborated with the Pakistani army during the 1971 war.
Ms Hasina “was forced” to call in the army to “maintain order” as paramilitary and police failed to curtail the violence, according to reports. Rights groups have accused the police of using brute force against the protesters after bullet injuries were found on the body of a 25-year-old university student this week.
Backed by the opposition Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP), the students have so far refused to back down.
“We were protesting peacefully until we were attacked by the goons. It is our right to continue protesting, it is embedded in the history of this country and we shall continue to do so for our right,” a Dhaka university student who did not want to be named for fear of persecution told The Independent.
The Awami League and the BNP have often accused each other of fuelling political chaos and violence, most recently ahead of the country’s national election, which was marred by a crackdown on several opposition figures while Hasina’s government accused the party of attempting to disrupt the vote.
"I urge all freedom-loving citizens of Bangladesh to stand beside the ongoing movement," said Tarique Rahman, the chair of BNP.
"Sheikh Hasina must resign for conducting a mass murder, killing hundreds of brave souls—our brothers, sisters, and children – in the last six days, and many more in the past."
"She must be put on trial for committing crimes against humanity," he added.
Earlier in the week the government suspended university classes indefinitely and asked students to vacate the dorms immediately.
“What is unfolding in Bangladesh is deeply unsettling for a generation that only asked for a fair opportunity in public service recruitment. That a peaceful protest against a state policy would slip into the peak of lawlessness shows the government’s lack of farsightedness and inefficient policy governance,” said Saad Hammadi, policy and advocacy manager at the Canada-based Balsillie School of International Affairs.
“The internet shutdown makes matters worse. Local news sites are inaccessible, and people in the country are left incommunicado with the rest of the world all in the pretext of conducting sweeping operations by the state that have often resulted in serious human rights violations,” he told the Associated Press.
The US and the UN have raised concerns about the ongoing protests and called for “restraint from all sides”.