Q 1. Demographic winter primarily refers to:
A. Rapid population explosion
B. Declining population due to low fertility rates
C. Seasonal migration of people
D. Increase in mortality rates due to epidemics
Q 2. The replacement fertility rate is approximately:
A. 1.2 children per woman
B. 1.8 children per woman
C. 2.1 children per woman
D. 3.5 children per woman
Q 3. Which of the following is a major consequence of demographic winter?
A. Rise in infant mortality
B. Increased agricultural output
C. Shrinking workforce
D. Declining literacy rate
Q 4. Which country is often cited as an example of severe population ageing?
A. India
B. Nigeria
C. Japan
D. Brazil
Q 5. Which among the following can help address demographic winter?
A. Reducing healthcare access
B. Encouraging family-friendly welfare policies
C. Increasing child labour
D. Restricting female education
Answers with brief explanation
1. Answer: B
Demographic winter refers to population decline caused by persistently low fertility rates and ageing populations.
2. Answer: C
A fertility rate of about 2.1 children per woman is considered necessary to maintain stable population levels.
3. Answer: C
A shrinking workforce is a major economic consequence, reducing productivity and economic growth.
4. Answer: C
Japan is one of the world’s oldest societies and faces severe demographic ageing challenges.
5. Answer: B
Governments promote childcare support, parental leave and welfare incentives to encourage higher birth rates.
